Date: 2010/7/24 Source: Zhejiang Tress Electronic Technology Co.,Ltd. Views: 6557
At present, PV system is mainly DC system in China,sending the power to the battery for charging, while the battery power directly to the load.For example, the solar lighting system used in the west of China and the microwave station electrical system.It is very simple and cost-efficient. However, because of the different DC voltage(12V, 24V,48V ), standardization and interoperability can hardly be achieved.Especially, the civil electricity conveys too many AC loads.Therefore, the DC power can hardly be used. Additionally,the PV system must be tied to the grid.And there is no doubt that the PV system will play an important role in generating power.
PV Inverter System Requirements
The Grid PV system is mainly composed of 4 parts: the PV-panels、the PV-inverter、the charger controllerand the battery which will not used in the grid-connected system.and the PV-inverter is the heart of the system. Its requirement is very high.
1. High efficiency. For the battery is of high price, it is necessary to improve the efficiency of the inverter in order to make full use of the battery.
2. High reliability. At present, the PV system is mainly used in the remote area. There is no watchman there. Therefore, the reasonable circuit configuration and the selection of the components are of great importance.
3. Large extent of the DC voltage. The voltage changes a lot because of the strength of the sunshine. As battery is very important to the voltage, and the voltage fluctuates with the variation of the battery rest capacity and the internal resistance. Especially, the voltage of the aging battery changes a lot, for example, the battery with 12V, its voltage can range from 10V~12V. Therefore, in order to keep the normal operation, the inverter must be of the larger voltage extent.
4. In the medium and large-capacity photovoltaic power generation system, the inverter power output should be smaller distortion sine wave. This is due in large capacity systems, the square wave supply the power, the output will contain more harmonics, while, harmonics will produce additional losses. The loads of many PV system :communications or instrumentation equipment, which requires a high quality of the grid. When operate the system, the output must be sine wave current in order to pollute the public grid.
The inverter transforms the DC current to AC current. If the DC voltage is too low, a transformer is needed to improve the voltage and then will get standard AC voltage and frequency. For the large-capacity inverter, as the generatrix voltage is a little higher, the AC output does not be improved to 220V. While , in the small and medium inverter, as the AC voltage is a little low, for example,12V,24V,therefore, we must design the step-up circuit.
Generally, the small and medium inverter composes of push-pull inverter circuits,full-bridge inverter circuit and the high-frequency inverter circuit. First, in the push-pull circuit, push the neutral plug of the step-up transformer into the power, and two alternating power control work , output the AC current. Due to power transistors were side connected, drive and control circuit are simple, additionally, as the transformer with leakage inductance limits the short circuit current, thus it will increasing the reliability of the circuit. The disadvantage is that the transformer of low utilization rate will drive inductive loads with less ability.
Full-bridge inverter circuit overcomes the shortcomings of push-pull circuit, adjust the output pulse width of power transistors,then RMS SC voltage is changed. Since the current of the loop circuit has continued, even though inductive load , the output voltage waveform distortion will not. The disadvantage of the circuit is that the leg of the up and down power transistor is not in a total land, therefore, we must have special driver circuit, or by isolated power supply. Furthermore, in order to prevent the upper and lower leg connected together, we must design that first bring up the rear tun off the circuit, that is we must set the dead time, it is more complicated.
Push-pull circuit and output of the full-bridge circuit must step up transformer. Due to step-up transformer are bulky, inefficient and expensive. With the development of the power electronic and microelectronics, the contravariant of the high power density comes true. The first stage boost inverter circuit with push-pull structure operates when the frequency is above 20KHZ. The step-up transformer uses core material, therefore, it is of small size and light weight. After the cintravariant, the high-frequency transformer changed into high alternating current, then through the high- frequency rectifier circuit , it turns to high voltage DC( generally in the 300V and above) and through the inverter frequency inverter circuit.
This circuit structure, increases the power greatly,and reduces the no-load loss of inverter. Besides, it improves the efficiency. While, the disadvantage of the circuit is the circuit is complicated and lower reliability than the circuit above.
Inverter Control Circuit
The control circuit plays an important role in realization of the inverter circuit above. Generally, there are square wave and sine wave . The circuit with square wave is simple and is of low cost but also has low efficiency and has large harmonic components. However, s\the inverter with sine wave is a trend . With the development of the microelectronic technical, the microprocessor with PWM has come out.That indicates the inverter with sine wave has been mature.
1. Pulse width modulation integrated circuit is widely been used in the inverter with square wave. For example,SG 3525, TL494. Practice shows that, using SG3525,and meanwhile using the power MOSFET as the switching power components, the realization of the high cost performance inverter is of no problem. SG3525 is of a capabilities to drive MOSFET and has an internal source and operational amplifier and undervoltage protection, so the external circuit is very simple.
2. Sine wave output control circuit. The circuit uses microprocessor control, such as 80C196MC produced by INTEL and MP16 produced by Motorola and PIC16C73 produced by MI-CROCHIP. These microcontrollers have multiple PWM generators, and can be set on the bridge between the dead-time arm, using the 80C196MC produced by INTEL and makes the sine wave circuit come true. 80C196MC completes the signal of the sine wave, and detect AC output voltage.
Selection of the main circuit power device of the inverter
It is essential to choose the main power components of the inverter. At present, power devices used widely are Darlington transistors(BJT), power FET(MOSFET), insulated gate transistor(IGBT) and turn-off thyristor Pipe(GTO), etc. In a small volume low-pressure system, the MOSFET is widely used, because the MOSFET has low on-state voltage drop and higher switching frequency. In the high voltage large capacity systems, it generally uses IGBT modules, because as the voltage increased, the on-state resistance of MOSFET will also increase. In the hagh capacity system, IGBT accounts for a large market. While, in the large capacity (100KVA or more) system, we use GTO as power components generally.